As a result of the misinformation concerning entropy I have seen the most extraordinary ignorance loudly trumpeted on the internet by otherwise highly educated people.. Recently I pointed out to a well known TV Physicist one fundamental problem with the Big-Bang is it produces just a very big ball of slowly cooling H2 with some He. How can that form a star.?
The question was put; How is it that the product of the Big Bang, (a cool ball of H2), being high entropy (highly disordered) is theorized to self compress under its own gravity to become the first star or galaxy (low entropy) without violating the Second Law? The Second Law says that the total entropy of the universe will always increase and we are talking about the whole universe. He did not disagree with the premise and passed the question on to a more knowledgeable authority.. who passed it to another authority.. who diverted the whole discussion into entropy of black holes..!
So how is the star being a high concentration of mass and energy at high temperature more 'ordered' than the cooler ball of H2? Isn't the star a boiling mass of high energy atoms also very disordered and perhaps more so than the cooler huge diameter ball of H2 where the atoms have slowed down. Have I got these terms mixed up?
In my former example of a box with one side hot and the other cold I showed a calculation based on the heat flow from hot to the cold in that closed system. The heat flow into the cold side (+ve) always gives a greater entropy increase than the entropy decrease of the hot side (-ve) because T is lower and thus dQ/T will always be greater. Does not this mean the hot side is going from high entropy to lower entropy the very reverse of the point in my question.
The mistake is to think of the hot side/object in isolation and not the whole box or this case the whole universe. The calculation is for the whole system.. hot body AND its surroundings. It is a calculation of the total system going from an initial state where energy is concentrated in part of the system and naturally starts to spread itself out more evenly. It is the SYSTEM that is low entropy (ordered).
So for the Big Bang universe after expanding to a huge ball of H2 at lower temperature what happens under self gravity.. David Wallace published his calculation in 2009 saying..
"on this model even a cloud which begins at absolute zero will only contract to about half its initial radius before reaching its maximum entropy state"
That is a real problem..
Friday, 24 June 2016
Thursday, 28 April 2016
4.5 LIES
The apparent contradiction is.. A box containing two gases (N2 & 02) at equal temperature and pressure separated by a partition. When the partition is removed the original state of ORDER moves to a more DISORDERED state driven by the second law towards equilibrium of position. The entropy (IF entropy = measure of disorder) clearly increases BUT the heat equation ds = dQ/T = 0..!! What's going on.. simple ds = dQ/T is NOT a complete statement of entropy change. It only accounts for the natural tendency to equilibrium of MOMENTUM.. but not equilibrium of POSITION.. Both are required, its just that equilibrium of position is not often required in the measure so we don't need it. dQ/T makes thermodynamic calculations of entropy based on macro properties like pressure and temperature possible.
What is happening is the random motion of atoms causes any system to move to a state which more probable among all its other possible states. It does this simply because there are many more ways of being in disordered state than an ordered state. This is what Boltzmann's equation is all about.
(absolute entropy) s = k.log(W) so entropy change ds = s2 - s1
hence ds = k.log (W2) - k.log(W1) = k.log(W2/W1)
Now W2/W1 = (final #num of microstates)/(initial #num of microstates)
So if we are dealing cards for instance..
A royal flush (RF) is an ordered state = low entropy
There are 7 RF's per suit so 28 per deck = (28 microstates)
There are 52C7 possible hands = 133784560 (microstates)
So W2/W1 = 28/133784560 BUT that = Probability of (RF)..
So the actual entropy change of dealing RF is
ds = k.log(Pr(RF))
It does not matter that we are only calculating ds for card dealing and not the cards themselves.. Not only does this tell us..
Entropy = Measure of Disorder.. it also gives meaning to the term..
Order = Improbability..
It is utterly false to say entropy is not a measure of disorder. By Appendix 5.1 of [The God Law] we may also say to pay the entropy cost of dealing a royal flush from a well shuffled deck is 1/Pr(RF)) = dealing 4.778 million hands (that's on average).
What is happening is the random motion of atoms causes any system to move to a state which more probable among all its other possible states. It does this simply because there are many more ways of being in disordered state than an ordered state. This is what Boltzmann's equation is all about.
(absolute entropy) s = k.log(W) so entropy change ds = s2 - s1
hence ds = k.log (W2) - k.log(W1) = k.log(W2/W1)
Now W2/W1 = (final #num of microstates)/(initial #num of microstates)
So if we are dealing cards for instance..
A royal flush (RF) is an ordered state = low entropy
There are 7 RF's per suit so 28 per deck = (28 microstates)
There are 52C7 possible hands = 133784560 (microstates)
So W2/W1 = 28/133784560 BUT that = Probability of (RF)..
So the actual entropy change of dealing RF is
ds = k.log(Pr(RF))
It does not matter that we are only calculating ds for card dealing and not the cards themselves.. Not only does this tell us..
Entropy = Measure of Disorder.. it also gives meaning to the term..
Order = Improbability..
It is utterly false to say entropy is not a measure of disorder. By Appendix 5.1 of [The God Law] we may also say to pay the entropy cost of dealing a royal flush from a well shuffled deck is 1/Pr(RF)) = dealing 4.778 million hands (that's on average).
Sunday, 24 April 2016
4.4 LIES
In the previous box example it is important you understand how we place our system boundaries to calculate the entropy change. If we put a boundary around the surface of the hot body as the heat is lost to the surroundings the temperature will be seen to drop from 200 C to 100 C.. The average being 150 C. The change in entropy (hot body) is then very roughly given by..
ds = Integral{dQ/T} (Integral = Sum of [dQ1/T1 + dQ2/T2 + dQ3/T3 ... ]
~= Q/Taverage)
ds(hot) ~= -Q/150 (-ve for heat out) and for the cold body Taverage = 50 C
ds(cold) ~= Q/50 (+ve heat in)
So ds(total) = Q/50 - Q/150 = Q(3-1)/150 = Q/75 +ve increase.
Note inside the box (closed system) we have two sub-systems each with an OPEN boundary to their surroundings.. The effect of heat flow out of the hot body decreases entropy of the system and the reverse is true for the cold body but they are not equal and the sum is always greater than zero. Establishing for every entropy decrease there must be a greater increase in the surroundings caused by that decrease which gives us the Second Law.
If we now cyclically open the ends of the box first allowing the suns radiant heat to fall on the hot end then cold of space on right end indefinitely you have both entropy drop and increase in open systems powered by the sun working in accordance with the second law. Just like the Earth.
According to evolutionists that's all there is to it.. but is it.
Lets now replace the hot and cold bodies with Nitrogen and Oxygen gasses separated by the same partition but with both at the same temperature and pressure. When we open the partition the gasses will mix by diffusion but no heat is transferred and so..
ds = Integral{dQ/T} = 0 (No change in entropy for whole box)
But the initial separation of gasses is a state of order which the diffusion process, on removing the partition, will destroy. The uniformly mixed gasses will not separate by themselves because it is an irreversible increase in entropy.. All in accordance with the second law..!
ds = Integral{dQ/T} (Integral = Sum of [dQ1/T1 + dQ2/T2 + dQ3/T3 ... ]
~= Q/Taverage)
ds(hot) ~= -Q/150 (-ve for heat out) and for the cold body Taverage = 50 C
ds(cold) ~= Q/50 (+ve heat in)
So ds(total) = Q/50 - Q/150 = Q(3-1)/150 = Q/75 +ve increase.
Note inside the box (closed system) we have two sub-systems each with an OPEN boundary to their surroundings.. The effect of heat flow out of the hot body decreases entropy of the system and the reverse is true for the cold body but they are not equal and the sum is always greater than zero. Establishing for every entropy decrease there must be a greater increase in the surroundings caused by that decrease which gives us the Second Law.
If we now cyclically open the ends of the box first allowing the suns radiant heat to fall on the hot end then cold of space on right end indefinitely you have both entropy drop and increase in open systems powered by the sun working in accordance with the second law. Just like the Earth.
According to evolutionists that's all there is to it.. but is it.
Lets now replace the hot and cold bodies with Nitrogen and Oxygen gasses separated by the same partition but with both at the same temperature and pressure. When we open the partition the gasses will mix by diffusion but no heat is transferred and so..
ds = Integral{dQ/T} = 0 (No change in entropy for whole box)
But the initial separation of gasses is a state of order which the diffusion process, on removing the partition, will destroy. The uniformly mixed gasses will not separate by themselves because it is an irreversible increase in entropy.. All in accordance with the second law..!
Tuesday, 12 April 2016
4.3 LIES
I have had some very strange comments about what is 'design' so that comes up next.. But first we must get the thermodynamics straight.. Let us start with an approximately CLOSED SYSTEM. As in all experimental work.. there are no perfectly closed systems but we can approximate one and get the calculations to work quite well.. Consider a well insulated box with a removable partition.. Hot mass left.. Cold mass to right..
{ [ 200 deg ] | [ 0 deg ] } => { [ 190 deg ] Q=> [ 10 deg ] }..
which becomes { [ 100 deg ] [ 100 deg ] } for equal masses..
When we remove the insulated partition a quantity of heat Q will flow from left to right until the temperatures of the two masses are equal and there it will remain.. which is called equilibrium. After which we will never observe either side become hot while the other gets cool because it would violate the 2nd Law of thermodynamics.. even though this is physically possible.! Why.. its just too improbable. Which establishes the true basis of the 2nd Law.. probability. Heat or any form of energy 'flows' because there are more ways energy can be spread out than be gathered together. We can simply state the 2nd Law as (it used to be stated until recent confusion set in)..
All systems of particles left to themselves will tend to move to their most probable state..
The law is also stated as "entropy always increases in an isolated system". If we now define entropy from this probabilistic basis as a measure of disorder, this immediately gives us a definition of ORDER = IMPROBABLE.. Hot on one side and cold on the other is an ordered state of matter.. The 2nd Law simply says systems left to themselves tend to disorder.. So you may ask where are the lies..?
The lies are to be found here.. [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/thermo/entropy.html] the atheist propaganda page.. Where they assert..
"But what of entropy and disorder? Where does that identification fit into the structure of thermodynamics? The answer is, nowhere. It is not an axiom or first principle, it is not derived from any other basic principles, and nowhere is it required or even used at all to do any of the science to which thermodynamics applies. It is simply irrelevant and out of place except as an interesting aside."
While correct to say the concept of entropy as a measure of disorder is not used in practical thermodynamics it is incorrect to say "It is not an axiom or first principle" it most definitely is. The simple reason its not used is Boltzmann's equation for absolute entropy based solely on the probability of a state of matter existing can't be calculated. We would have to know the momentum and position of every atom in the system.! So how is it relevant..?
{ [ 200 deg ] | [ 0 deg ] } => { [ 190 deg ] Q=> [ 10 deg ] }..
which becomes { [ 100 deg ] [ 100 deg ] } for equal masses..
When we remove the insulated partition a quantity of heat Q will flow from left to right until the temperatures of the two masses are equal and there it will remain.. which is called equilibrium. After which we will never observe either side become hot while the other gets cool because it would violate the 2nd Law of thermodynamics.. even though this is physically possible.! Why.. its just too improbable. Which establishes the true basis of the 2nd Law.. probability. Heat or any form of energy 'flows' because there are more ways energy can be spread out than be gathered together. We can simply state the 2nd Law as (it used to be stated until recent confusion set in)..
All systems of particles left to themselves will tend to move to their most probable state..
The law is also stated as "entropy always increases in an isolated system". If we now define entropy from this probabilistic basis as a measure of disorder, this immediately gives us a definition of ORDER = IMPROBABLE.. Hot on one side and cold on the other is an ordered state of matter.. The 2nd Law simply says systems left to themselves tend to disorder.. So you may ask where are the lies..?
The lies are to be found here.. [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/thermo/entropy.html] the atheist propaganda page.. Where they assert..
"But what of entropy and disorder? Where does that identification fit into the structure of thermodynamics? The answer is, nowhere. It is not an axiom or first principle, it is not derived from any other basic principles, and nowhere is it required or even used at all to do any of the science to which thermodynamics applies. It is simply irrelevant and out of place except as an interesting aside."
While correct to say the concept of entropy as a measure of disorder is not used in practical thermodynamics it is incorrect to say "It is not an axiom or first principle" it most definitely is. The simple reason its not used is Boltzmann's equation for absolute entropy based solely on the probability of a state of matter existing can't be calculated. We would have to know the momentum and position of every atom in the system.! So how is it relevant..?
Thursday, 24 March 2016
4.2 LIES
Now for my friend Bill..
"THE SECOND LAW DOESN'T APPLY TO EVOLUTION BECAUSE OF THE SUN"
You may have heard of John Gribbin.. well known science writer.. and friend of atheists. He wrote a book called "Blinded by the Light" subtitled "The Secret Life of the Sun" 1991.. It is an interesting read and he is a very articulate writer who captures the excitement of science at it best.. But in the inside cover we have this..
"Our ancestors worshiped the sun, rightly recognizing it as the bringer of life."
So the atheist commends ignorant pagan religious worship of the sun!! The mere suggestion by a modern secular 'scientist' beggars belief! In context of very basis of the atheist position I think this is actually revealing of where they are likely to end up.. the dark ages.
Since he introduces 'worship' to the story.. Lets just compare what the bible says about the matter..
1- The sun is a created object.. (ordered state of matter consistent with a creator)
2- It warns not to worship any created object.. (more reasonable to worship the sun's creator)
3- Created objects cannot hear you, will never respond to you and cannot do good or evil.. (the creator of the sun by definition can do all three)
Which I find more consistent and satisfying than Gribbin's distorted thinking! So to come back to the real question in hand..
Yes the sun's energy powers just about everything on the earth.. Yes the energy flow just like a gushing flood can and will result in local pockets of order or decreased entropy. Every such occurrence will be accompanied by a bigger increase in the surroundings. No problem so far. A flood might create a great heap of sand and debris or put a boat on top of a high roof. The suns energy powers tornadoes and evaporation of water all temporary states of order. Remember any state not in equilibrium of both momentum and position of all its atoms uniformly and randomly distributed is low entropy. It is the definition of 'surroundings' that is critical to the calculation.
It is easy to see that the local order created by a flood like putting a boat on top of a high building (entropy drop), is vastly over accounted for by the increase in disorder (entropy increase) in damage to the rest of the town. It is therefore a question of entropy accounting to verify if a process can pay the entropy cost of a particular ordered state. You may say well the suns energy flux is so massive as to account for any process on earth you care to imagine. Wrong..
To put a boat on top of Mt Everest is easily within the energy budget of the sun - earth system.. but the storm to do it is just not going to happen anytime soon. The price in entropy terms is too high! For the same reason the oceans of the world will never make a sand castle.. such as a child could make.. well inside the energy budget.. but way outside the entropy budget. Meaning the sun - earth system will virtually never accomplish such a task and the fundamental reason is the state of matter of the sandcastle is too improbable. Note these states of low entropy (order) are where the position of a group of atoms is not randomly distributed.
I hoped even atheists could get that.. but alas they don't..
"THE SECOND LAW DOESN'T APPLY TO EVOLUTION BECAUSE OF THE SUN"
You may have heard of John Gribbin.. well known science writer.. and friend of atheists. He wrote a book called "Blinded by the Light" subtitled "The Secret Life of the Sun" 1991.. It is an interesting read and he is a very articulate writer who captures the excitement of science at it best.. But in the inside cover we have this..
"Our ancestors worshiped the sun, rightly recognizing it as the bringer of life."
So the atheist commends ignorant pagan religious worship of the sun!! The mere suggestion by a modern secular 'scientist' beggars belief! In context of very basis of the atheist position I think this is actually revealing of where they are likely to end up.. the dark ages.
Since he introduces 'worship' to the story.. Lets just compare what the bible says about the matter..
1- The sun is a created object.. (ordered state of matter consistent with a creator)
2- It warns not to worship any created object.. (more reasonable to worship the sun's creator)
3- Created objects cannot hear you, will never respond to you and cannot do good or evil.. (the creator of the sun by definition can do all three)
Which I find more consistent and satisfying than Gribbin's distorted thinking! So to come back to the real question in hand..
Yes the sun's energy powers just about everything on the earth.. Yes the energy flow just like a gushing flood can and will result in local pockets of order or decreased entropy. Every such occurrence will be accompanied by a bigger increase in the surroundings. No problem so far. A flood might create a great heap of sand and debris or put a boat on top of a high roof. The suns energy powers tornadoes and evaporation of water all temporary states of order. Remember any state not in equilibrium of both momentum and position of all its atoms uniformly and randomly distributed is low entropy. It is the definition of 'surroundings' that is critical to the calculation.
It is easy to see that the local order created by a flood like putting a boat on top of a high building (entropy drop), is vastly over accounted for by the increase in disorder (entropy increase) in damage to the rest of the town. It is therefore a question of entropy accounting to verify if a process can pay the entropy cost of a particular ordered state. You may say well the suns energy flux is so massive as to account for any process on earth you care to imagine. Wrong..
To put a boat on top of Mt Everest is easily within the energy budget of the sun - earth system.. but the storm to do it is just not going to happen anytime soon. The price in entropy terms is too high! For the same reason the oceans of the world will never make a sand castle.. such as a child could make.. well inside the energy budget.. but way outside the entropy budget. Meaning the sun - earth system will virtually never accomplish such a task and the fundamental reason is the state of matter of the sandcastle is too improbable. Note these states of low entropy (order) are where the position of a group of atoms is not randomly distributed.
I hoped even atheists could get that.. but alas they don't..
4.1 LIES
Now we come to the 'closed system' MYTH..
"SECOND LAW DOES NOT APPLY BECAUSE THE EARTH IS NOT A CLOSED SYSTEM"
Previously I showed why entropy by definition means: Measure of Disorder.. because it must encompass the tendency to both random position and momentum of atoms.. If this were not the case then atomic diffusion could not occur as predictably as it does. {Ref: The Cambridge Encyclopedia: Entropy}
Now all the momentum of all the atoms in a system averaged out = temperature, which is itself a measure of the quantity of heat energy in the system. But entropy is not energy.
The tendency to a random distribution of position is not apparent if all the atoms are the same. Confusing entropy and energy leads to the mistaken belief the calculation of entropy change based on heat flow alone is all that is required. But that calculation says nothing about a mixture of atoms (positional distribution of each type). It is precisely because we know a mixture will of itself tend to distribute into a homogeneous state, (called atomic diffusion) we know any calculation of entropy cannot ignore positional distribution, of any particles in the system. If the temperature and pressure in a room is uniform but half of the room is oxygen and the other nitrogen it is in an ordered state and has not reached thermodynamic equilibrium.
The above tendencies are the reason heat will always flow from hot to cold and atoms will mix evenly (diffusion). So powerful is this tendency it means all real processes observable on earth are irreversable and will never be observed to go the other way.. unless driven to do so as in a refrigerator. The refrigerator does NOT change that tendency.. it overcomes it by having in place an ordering principle that directs energy to pump heat from cold to hot. Note the second law is dependent upon the average tendency to equilibrium (position and momentum) which always acts in all systems both closed and open.
Yes it is true the second law says.. "In an isolated system entropy will increase" if we ignore hypothetical and impossible 'reversible' systems which don't exist. We also do not need to bother with formal definitions of closed or isolated for my purpose here. So how do we know entropy will always increase.?
Because we can show that in any OPEN system for every (local) entropy decrease (ie order increase).. the process that does it creates a bigger increase in the entropy (disorder) of its immediate surroundings. That fact is experimentally verified. If this were not the case then we could not say entropy will always increase in an isolated system! So the very definition of the second law (for an isolated system) requires entropy balance in the open system.
So to state the 2nd law does not apply in open systems omits the crucial point that there is an entropy cost in open systems driven by the same thing that drives the second law. So in that sense while the second law cannot be 'applied' to an open system the principle that makes the second law possible will always work and it can be calculated.
The principle of entropy balance in open systems is all that is needed for me to show evolution by natural selection cannot pay the entropy cost for the very highly ordered states in living cells. That is the purpose of [The God Law] blog.
"SECOND LAW DOES NOT APPLY BECAUSE THE EARTH IS NOT A CLOSED SYSTEM"
Previously I showed why entropy by definition means: Measure of Disorder.. because it must encompass the tendency to both random position and momentum of atoms.. If this were not the case then atomic diffusion could not occur as predictably as it does. {Ref: The Cambridge Encyclopedia: Entropy}
Now all the momentum of all the atoms in a system averaged out = temperature, which is itself a measure of the quantity of heat energy in the system. But entropy is not energy.
The tendency to a random distribution of position is not apparent if all the atoms are the same. Confusing entropy and energy leads to the mistaken belief the calculation of entropy change based on heat flow alone is all that is required. But that calculation says nothing about a mixture of atoms (positional distribution of each type). It is precisely because we know a mixture will of itself tend to distribute into a homogeneous state, (called atomic diffusion) we know any calculation of entropy cannot ignore positional distribution, of any particles in the system. If the temperature and pressure in a room is uniform but half of the room is oxygen and the other nitrogen it is in an ordered state and has not reached thermodynamic equilibrium.
The above tendencies are the reason heat will always flow from hot to cold and atoms will mix evenly (diffusion). So powerful is this tendency it means all real processes observable on earth are irreversable and will never be observed to go the other way.. unless driven to do so as in a refrigerator. The refrigerator does NOT change that tendency.. it overcomes it by having in place an ordering principle that directs energy to pump heat from cold to hot. Note the second law is dependent upon the average tendency to equilibrium (position and momentum) which always acts in all systems both closed and open.
Yes it is true the second law says.. "In an isolated system entropy will increase" if we ignore hypothetical and impossible 'reversible' systems which don't exist. We also do not need to bother with formal definitions of closed or isolated for my purpose here. So how do we know entropy will always increase.?
Because we can show that in any OPEN system for every (local) entropy decrease (ie order increase).. the process that does it creates a bigger increase in the entropy (disorder) of its immediate surroundings. That fact is experimentally verified. If this were not the case then we could not say entropy will always increase in an isolated system! So the very definition of the second law (for an isolated system) requires entropy balance in the open system.
So to state the 2nd law does not apply in open systems omits the crucial point that there is an entropy cost in open systems driven by the same thing that drives the second law. So in that sense while the second law cannot be 'applied' to an open system the principle that makes the second law possible will always work and it can be calculated.
The principle of entropy balance in open systems is all that is needed for me to show evolution by natural selection cannot pay the entropy cost for the very highly ordered states in living cells. That is the purpose of [The God Law] blog.
4.0 LIES
Sorry to have to go to the technical stuff but this is most urgent..
In my 'travels' on the net.. particularly Twitter.. certain false ideas held very close by my critics.. recur again and again ad-nauseum..
"The second law does not apply to evolution.. because of the sun"
"The second law only applies to closed systems.. earth is not a closed system"
"The flow of energy from the sun more than accounts for any small decrease in entropy on earth with massive increase in the universe"
All three are really saying the SAME THING.. so can be answered comprehensively with the same verified and well known science. The statements include a small grain of truth.. but for reasons I will demonstrate are actually false and misleading.. because they are based on a real lie. I don't just mean something that's 'false' incidentally.. I mean a LIE.. a deliberate false statement by someone who KNOWS what they are saying..
The first is..
"ENTROPY IS A MEASURE OF UNAVAILABLE ENERGY AND ITS INCREASE IS JUST THE INCREASE IN ENERGY UNAVAILABLE TO DO WORK" and it comes from a number of sources including the Wikipedia.. It takes many guises such as..
"THERMODYNAMIC ENTROPY IS MEASURED BY HEAT FLOW AND DIFFERENT FROM STATISTICAL ENTROPY WHICH ONLY APPLIES TO IDEAL OR RAREFIED GASES"..
What these are actually saying is..
"THERMODYNAMIC ENTROPY IS NOT DISORDER".. or
"THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF ENTROPY"
Hawking, Penrose, Boltzman, Plank, Gibbs etc.. do not agree..
First I will answer in words even a deluded atheist on Twitter can understand.. then do some math..
The whole idea of entropy = disorder originates with Ludwig Boltzmann's work around 1902.. Clausius had already discovered the effect of heat energy dissipation which he called 'entropy' some 40-50 years prior. It was Ludwig Boltzmann's belief in the atomic theory of matter that gave us the real understanding of what heat and entropy ultimately are.. for which he committed suicide in 1906 tormented by the club of big names still holding that matter was continuous! So what did he discover..
Heat = energy of motion of atoms which spreads because they jostle each other.. the end result being a random distribution of motion (momentum) which can be expressed as a probability distribution.
An equally important result of this is the jostling process also leads to a random distribution of position of the atoms. By which we understand atomic diffusion.
Entropy = a measure of how random both in position and momentum a particular group of atoms (called a system) has become.
A system in any state which is not fully random in both momentum and position of its atoms is said to have order. If it is fully randomized in both position and momentum of its atoms it is said to be in equilibrium.
So entropy by definition is a measure of how disordered a system is. Boltzmann showed us how it is calculated. What people denying this are really saying is entropy is measured only by atomic momentum (heat energy) and not position as well. They have been MISLED.. more to come.
In my 'travels' on the net.. particularly Twitter.. certain false ideas held very close by my critics.. recur again and again ad-nauseum..
"The second law does not apply to evolution.. because of the sun"
"The second law only applies to closed systems.. earth is not a closed system"
"The flow of energy from the sun more than accounts for any small decrease in entropy on earth with massive increase in the universe"
All three are really saying the SAME THING.. so can be answered comprehensively with the same verified and well known science. The statements include a small grain of truth.. but for reasons I will demonstrate are actually false and misleading.. because they are based on a real lie. I don't just mean something that's 'false' incidentally.. I mean a LIE.. a deliberate false statement by someone who KNOWS what they are saying..
The first is..
"ENTROPY IS A MEASURE OF UNAVAILABLE ENERGY AND ITS INCREASE IS JUST THE INCREASE IN ENERGY UNAVAILABLE TO DO WORK" and it comes from a number of sources including the Wikipedia.. It takes many guises such as..
"THERMODYNAMIC ENTROPY IS MEASURED BY HEAT FLOW AND DIFFERENT FROM STATISTICAL ENTROPY WHICH ONLY APPLIES TO IDEAL OR RAREFIED GASES"..
What these are actually saying is..
"THERMODYNAMIC ENTROPY IS NOT DISORDER".. or
"THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF ENTROPY"
Hawking, Penrose, Boltzman, Plank, Gibbs etc.. do not agree..
First I will answer in words even a deluded atheist on Twitter can understand.. then do some math..
The whole idea of entropy = disorder originates with Ludwig Boltzmann's work around 1902.. Clausius had already discovered the effect of heat energy dissipation which he called 'entropy' some 40-50 years prior. It was Ludwig Boltzmann's belief in the atomic theory of matter that gave us the real understanding of what heat and entropy ultimately are.. for which he committed suicide in 1906 tormented by the club of big names still holding that matter was continuous! So what did he discover..
Heat = energy of motion of atoms which spreads because they jostle each other.. the end result being a random distribution of motion (momentum) which can be expressed as a probability distribution.
An equally important result of this is the jostling process also leads to a random distribution of position of the atoms. By which we understand atomic diffusion.
Entropy = a measure of how random both in position and momentum a particular group of atoms (called a system) has become.
A system in any state which is not fully random in both momentum and position of its atoms is said to have order. If it is fully randomized in both position and momentum of its atoms it is said to be in equilibrium.
So entropy by definition is a measure of how disordered a system is. Boltzmann showed us how it is calculated. What people denying this are really saying is entropy is measured only by atomic momentum (heat energy) and not position as well. They have been MISLED.. more to come.
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